Curriculum:
References

Next: Success stories

Resources

The Co-Creating Wellbeing team have published a series of useful resources and peer-reviewed journal articles during the projects. We have tried to provide full access to versions where freely available. 

Here is an article discussing the definition of co-creation and what it means:

Darlington, E., & Masson, J. (2021). What does co-creation mean? An attempt at definition informed by the perspectives of school health promoters in France. Health Education Journal, 80(6), 746–758.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969211013570 

Here is an article on the needs that people felt they needed to learn to teach and facilitate co-creation projects:

Darlington, E. J. et al. 2021. “How can we promote co-creation in communities? The perspective of health promoting professionals in Europe”, Health Education (Full pdf provided here)

We made a short video to sum up this publication (link here)

Here is an article providing a key framework to use when carrying our co-creation. It also has useful learning and reflections on carrying out co-creation that we recommend reading while planning your co-creation project.

Pearce, G. and Magee, P. (2024), “Co-creation solutions and the three Co’s framework for applying Co-creation”, Health Education, Vol. 124 No. 1/2, pp. 20-37. (Full PDF provided here) 

We made a short video to sum up this publication (link here)

After making the first version of the co-creation curriculum for face-to-face contexts in the Co-Creating Welfare project, we put the outline of this overarching course with detail of how to deliver the co-creation activities in this e-book for all to access and use.

Anastácio, Z., Bernard, S., Carvalho, G.S., Christensen, F., Darlington, E., Hansen, H., Masson, J., et al. 2019. Co-Creating Welfare: Training course material preparing professionals to co-create welfare solutions with citizens. Braga: CIEC, Universidade do Minho. http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/62580

For those who love the CUbe and want to use it, here is a useful reference:

Magee, P., Moody, L., & Fielden, S. 2012. “CUbe: An ideas generation tool demonstrated through multi-disciplinary development of a wheelchair stability assessment system”. Recent Advances in Assistive Technology and Engineering conference, Coventry, UK. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4119.9120

We are also in the process of developing CoCreation Reporting Standards. Here is the original protocol for the work registered on the Equator Network. This work is still in progress with the systematic review of reviews and e-Delphi work carried out. The consensus meetings are occurring and versions of the checklist alongside their elaboration documents are being developed. 

Pearce, G., Holliday, N., Magee, P., Christensen, F., Darlington, E., Bernard, S., Olivo, M., Vilaça, T., Carvalho, G., Anastacio, Z., Botteri, D. & Camilli, L. (2023). Protocol for the development of the CO-creation REporting Standards (CORES) for research. Coventry University, UK: Equator Network. Available here

Here are some other published examples of co-creation and design thinking projects carried out by the team (listed in alphabetical order):

Callari, T.C., Moody, L., Magee, P. and Yang, D., 2019. ‘Smart–not only intelligent!’ Cocreating priorities and design direction for ‘smart’ footwear to support independent ageing. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 12(3), pp.313- 324. Available here

Carvalho, G. S., Oliveira Boff, E. T. and Araújo, M. C. P. 2021. “Situation of study (SoS) on health education implemented in a co-creation (CoC) process”. Revista Brasileira de Educação, 26, e260012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-24782021260012

Moody, L. Magee, P. and Stefanov D. 2020. “Development of a Wheelchair Stability Assessment System: Design Tools and Approaches”. In: Woodcock A., Moody L., McDonagh D., Jain A., Jain L. (eds). Design of Assistive Technology for Ageing Populations. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 167. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26292-1_13

Pearce, G., Bell, L., Magee, P. & Pezaro, S. (2023). Co-Created Solutions for Perinatal Professionals and Childbearing Needs for People with Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(20): 6955. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20206955

Pearce, G., Holliday, N., Sandhu, H., Eftekhari, H., Bruce, J., Timms, E., Ablett, L., Kavi, L., Simmonds, J., Evans, R., Magee, P., Powell, R., Keogh, S. & McGregor, G. (2023). Cocreation of a complex, multicomponent rehabilitation intervention and feasibility trial protocol for the PostUraL tachycardia Syndrome Exercise (PULSE) study. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 9 (143), doi: 10.1186/s40814-023-01365-4

Ward, G., Holliday, N., Awang, D., Harson, D. (2015) Creative approaches to service design: using cocreation to develop a consumer focused assistive technology service. Technology & Disability, 27(1), 5-15. doi: 10.3233/TAD-150424 (link)

Here are additional published examples of co-creation projects using the 3 co’s framework:

Pezaro,S., Jenkins, M. & Bollard, M. (2022). Defining ‘research inspired teaching’ and introducing a research inspired online/offline teaching (riot) framework for fostering it using a co-creation approach, Nurse Education Today, 108, doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105163 (link)

Pezaro S, Brock I, Buckley M, Callaway S, Demirdas S, Hakim A, Harris C, High Gross C, Karanfil M, Le Ray I, McGillis L, Nasar B, Russo M, Ryan L, Blagowidow N. Management of childbearing with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders: A scoping review and expert co-creation of evidence-based clinical guidelines. PLoS One. 2024 May 15;19(5):e0302401. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302401 (link).

Further reading

People have asked us during our courses for further resources on the below topics:

Here are a group of articles that discuss the definition of co-creation or add to the co-creation definition discussion:

Arnstein S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of American Planning Association, 35, 216-224. doi: 10.1080/01944366908977225

Martin, S., 2010. Co-production of social research: strategies for engaged scholarship, Public Money & Management, 30:4, 211-218, DOI: 10.1080/09540962.2010.492180

The Voluntary Council. 2016. The six Principles of Co-Creation, Danish NGO. Accessed here: https://frivilligraadet.dk/the-national-council-volunteering-denmark 

Sanders, E. B.-N. & Stappers, P. J. 2008. “Co-creation and the New Landscapes of Design”. CoDesign 4(1):5-18. DOI 10.1080/15710880701875068

Torfing, J., Sørensen, E., & Røiseland, A. (2019). Transforming the Public Sector Into an Arena for Co-Creation: Barriers, Drivers, Benefits, and Ways Forward. Administration & Society, 51(5), 795–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716680057

Voorberg, W. H., Bekkers, V. J. J. M. and Tummers, L. G. 2015. “A Systematic Review of Co-Creation and Co-Production: Embarking on the social innovation journey”, Public Management Review, 17(9), pp. 1333–1357. doi: 10.1080/14719037.2014.930505.

This collection of papers discuss underpinning approaches to the use of co-creation. There is also a sub-heading specifically dedicated to design thinking and other design approaches and concepts, including service design approaches and the fail fast concept.

Arnold, J. E. (2016) [1959]. Creative engineering: Promoting innovation by thinking differently. Edited With an Introduction and Biographical Essay by William J. Clancey. Retrieved September 23, 2018, from Stanford Digital Repository 

Baum, F., MacDougall, C., and Smith, D. 2006. “Participatory action research”. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(10), 854-857. 

Chevalier, J. M. and Buckles, D. J. 2019. Participatory action research: Theory and methods for engaged inquiry (2nd ed.). Routledge. 

Gillard, S., Simons, L., Turner, K., Lucock, M., and Edwards, C. (2012). Patient and public involvement in the coproduction of knowledge. Qualt. Health Res. 22, 1126–1137. doi: 10.1177/1049732312448541

Goffman, E. 1981. Forms of Talk. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Goldberg, R. and Ruehlin, J. 2019. International Business Machines (IBM) 

Goldschmidt, G., 2016. Linkographic Evidence for Concurrent Divergent and Convergent Thinking in Creative Design, Creativity Research Journal, 28:2, 115- 122,DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2016.1162497

Interaction Design Foundation – IxDF. (2016, November 26). What is Convergent Thinking?. Interaction Design Foundation – IxDF. https://www.interactiondesign.org/literature/topics/convergent-thinking

Langley, J., Kayes, N., Gwilt, I., Snelgrove-Clarke, E., Smith, S. and Craig, C. (2022). Exploring the value and role of creative practices in research co-production, Evidence & Policy, 18(2): 193–205, doi: 10.1332/174426421X16478821515272 

Lewin, K. 1946. “Action research and minority problems”. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x 

Meltzer, C., 2020. The reflexive practitioner; using arts-based methods and research for professional development. Arts-based research, resilience and well-being across the lifespan, pp.209-231 Available here

Messiha K, Chinapaw MJM, Ket HCFF, An Q, Anand-Kumar V, Longworth GR, Chastin S, Altenburg TM. Systematic Review of Contemporary Theories Used for Co-creation, Co-design and Co-production in Public Health. J Public Health (Oxf). 2023 Aug 28;45(3):723-737. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad046.

Phillips, L. J. (2009). Analysing the dialogic turn in the communication of research-based knowledge: an exploration of the tensions in collaborative research. Public Underst. Sci. 20, 80–100. doi: 10.1177/0963662509340092

Pinfold, V., Szymczynska, P., Hamilton, S., Peacocke, R., Dean, S., Clewett, N., et al. (2015). Co-production in mental health research: reflections from the people study. Ment. Health Rev. J. 20, 220–231. doi: 10.1108/MHRJ-09-2015-0028

Prahalad, C. K. and Ramaswamy, V. 2000. “Co-Opting Customer Competence”, Harvard Business Review, 78(1), pp. 79–90. Available at: https://hbr.org/2000/01/co-opting-customercompetence. 

Prahalad, C. K. and Ramaswamy, V. 2004. “Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation”, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(3), pp. 5–14. doi: 10.1002/dir.20015.

Ramírez, M. S. and García-Peñalvo, F. J. 2018. “Co-creation and open innovation: Systematic literature review”, Comunicar, 26(54), pp. 9–18. doi: 10.3916/C54-2018-01.

Rogers, C.R. and Farson, R.E., 1957. Active listening. Chicago, IL.

Schön, D. A. (1991). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Aldershot, UK: Arena.

Spataro, S.E. & Bloch J., 2018. “Can You Repeat That?” Teaching Active Listening in Management Education, Journal of Management Education, 42 (2), p168-198 https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562917748696

Ward, V. (2017). Why, whose, what and how? A framework for knowledge mobilisers. Evidence and Policy.;13(3):477–97. doi: 10.1332/174426416X14634763278725 

Whitehead, D., Taket, A. and Smith, P. 2003. “Action research in health promotion”, Health Education Journal, 62(1), pp. 5–22. doi: 10.1177/001789690306200102.

Design Thinking and design approaches

Brown, T. 2008. “Design thinking”. Harvard Business Review, 86(6), 84–92

Cross N. (2011). Design thinking: understanding how designers think and work. BERG: Oxford

Dell’Era, C., Magistretti, S., Cautela, C., Verganti, R. and Zurlo, F., 2020. “Four kinds of design thinking: From ideating to making, engaging, and criticizing”. Creativity and Innovation Management, 29(2), pp.324-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12353

Dorst, K., 2015. Frame creation and design in the expanded field. She Ji: The journal of design, economics, and innovation, 1(1), pp.22-33 Available here

Forbes. 2019. Failure Is 99% Of The Work: How To Fail Fast On The Way To Spectacular Innovation. https://www.forbes.com/sites/amberjohnson-jimludema/2019/02/18/failure-is-99- of-the-work-how-to-fail-fast-on-the-way-to-spectacular-innovation/?sh=68e600734c1e Accessed 290622.

Goldberg, R. and Ruehlin, J. 2019. International Business Machines (IBM) https://www.ibm.com/garage/method/practices/culture/failing-fast/. Accessed 070921.

Jarrett, C., Baxter, Y.C., Boch, J. et al. Deconstructing design thinking as a tool for the implementation of a population health initiative. Health Res Policy Sys 20, 91 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-022-00892-5

Jon Kolko; Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking: The Drivers of Design Synthesis. Design Issues 2010; 26 (1): 15–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/desi.2010.26.1.15 Available here

Ku, B. & Lupton, K. (2020) Health Design Thinking: Creating Products and Services for Better Health. New York: Cooper Hewitt.

Lloyd, P. and Oak, A., 2018. Cracking open co-creation: Categories, stories, and value tension in a collaborative design process. Design Studies, 57, pp.93-111 Available here

Marful, A. B., Danquah, J. A., Ansah, M., Ben-Smith, P., & Duah, D. (2022). Design thinking as an effective tool for architectural pedagogy: Challenges and benefits for Ghanaian schools. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2051828 

McLaughlin, J.E., Wolcott, M., Hubbard, D. et al. A qualitative review of the design thinking framework in health professions education. BMC Med Educ 19, 98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1528-8

Razzouk, R., & Shute, V. (2012). What Is Design Thinking and Why Is It Important? Review of Educational Research, 82(3), 330-348. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654312457429

Stickdorn, M., & Schneider, J. (2012) This is Service Design Thinking. Amsterdam: BIS 

Skywark ER, Chen E, Jagannathan V. Using the Design Thinking Process to Co-create a New, Interdisciplinary Design Thinking Course to Train 21st Century Graduate Students. Front Public Health. 2022 Jan 11;9:777869. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.777869. 

Swiss Innovation Academy (no date) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a service design approach. Available here.

This section includes different parts of the co-creation process, including co-planning, collaborative problem formulation, co-production, prototyping and co-evaluation

Co-creation planning

Bovill, C. (2019). A co-creation of learning and teaching typology: What kind of co-creation are you planning or doing?. International Journal for Students As Partners, 3(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v3i2.3953

Problem formulation

Basadur, M., Pringle, P., Speranzini, G. and Bacot, M. (2000), Collaborative Problem Solving Through Creativity in Problem Definition: Expanding the Pie. Creativity and Innovation Management, 9: 54-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8691.00157  

Co-production 

Realpe AX, Wallace LM, Adams AE, et al. (2015) The development of a prototype measure of the co-production of health in routine consultations for people with long-term conditions. Patient Education and Counseling 98(12): 1608–1616. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.005.

Smith, B., Williams, O., Bone, l & the Moving Social Work Co-production Collective (2022). Co-production: A resource to guide co-producing research in the sport, exercise, and health sciences, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2022.2052946

Williams, O., G. Robert, GP. Martin, E. Hanna, and J. O’Hara. 2020. “Is Co-production Just Really Good PPI? Making Sense of Patient and Public Involvement and Co-production Networks.” In Decentering Healthcare Networks, edited by M. Bevir and J. Waring, 213– 237. London: Palgrave

Prototyping

Adobe (2023) Prototyping 101. Available online here. 

Keynotopia (no date) How to Create Mock-ups, Wireframes, and UI Prototypes Using Microsoft Powerpoint. (Available online here)

Ueland (2019) 10 Prototyping Tools to Create Web and Mobile Apps. (Available online here) 

Moran, K. (2019) Usability Testing 101. (Available online here)

Evaluating co-creation 

Galabo, R. and Cruickshank, L. 2021. “Making it better together: a framework for improving creative engagement tools”, CoDesign, DOI: 10.1080/15710882.2021.1912777

This section provides articles discussing different aspects of using co-creation specifically within research, including ethical considerations, public involvement in research, recruitment or engagement of co-creators, remuneration and research impact. 

Ethics

This editorial from the American Medical Association Journal of Ethics has links to papers covering ethical issues in a variety of health and wellbeing settings. 

Banks, S., Armstrong, A., Carter, K. et al. (2013). Everyday ethics in community-based participatory research. Contemporary Social Science, 8(3), 263–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2013.769618 

Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. (2013) Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press

Bussu, S., Lalani, M., Pattison, S., & Marshall, M. (2021). Engaging with care: ethical issues in Participatory Research. Qualitative Research, 21(5), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120904883

Health Research Authority (2022) Defining Research – decision tool. Available here

Heard, E. (2023). Ethical challenges in participatory action research: Experiences and insights from an arts-based study in the pacific. Qualitative Research, 23(4), 1112-1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879412110727

Public involvement in research

Health Research Authority (2024) Public Involvement. Available here

Hoddinott P, Pollock A, O’Cathain A, et al (2018). How to incorporate patient and public perspectives into the design and conduct of research. F1000Res. Jun 18;7:752. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.15162.1

INVOLVE (2012) Briefing notes for researchers: involving the public in NHS, public health and social care research. Available here

Russell, J., Fudge, N. & Greenhalgh, T. The impact of public involvement in health research: what are we measuring? Why are we measuring it? Should we stop measuring it?. Res Involv Engagem 6, 63 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-00239-w

Staniszewska, S., Denegri, S., Matthews, R., & Minogue, V. (2018). Reviewing progress in public involvement in NIHR research: developing and implementing a new vision for the future. BMJ open, 8(7), e017124. Available here

UK Public Involvement Standards Development Partnership (2019) UK Standards for Public Involvement. Available here

Recruitment and engagement of co-creators 

Hovén, E., Eriksson, L., Månsson D’Souza, Å., Sörensen, J., Hill, D., Viklund, C., … & Lampic, C. (2020). What makes it work? Exploring experiences of patient research partners and researchers involved in a long-term co-creative research collaboration. Research involvement and engagement, 6, 1-12. Available here

This report, commissioned by the NHS explores findings and recommendations for engaging and increasing research participation in health settings. 

Remuneration 

The National Institute of Health Research have some excellent guidance on how to remunerate participants in research, which can be found here.

Impact

Greenhalgh, T., Jackson, C., Shaw, S. and Jamanian, T. 2016. “Achieving Research Impact Through Co-creation in Community-Based Health Services: Literature Review and Case Study”, Milbank Quarterly, 94(2), pp. 392–429. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12197

This section includes references to publications about co-creation methods and tools, including the fishbowl, the co-creation game, world café, the simulation game, the carousel method and Q methodology. There are also separate sub-headings with references on experience-based co-design and living labs.

Kane, C.M. 1995. “Fishbowl training in group process”. J Special Group Work, 20(3):183‐ 188. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933929508411342

Liestmann, k. & Mørk, M. (2022). Er samskabelse et luftkastel? (Translated as ‘is co-creation a pipedream’ and includes the co-creation game) Lederliv, vol 2. (English version available here)

Löhr, K., Weinhardt, M., & Sieber, S. (2020). The “World Café” as a Participatory Method for Collecting Qualitative Data. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920916976

McKeown, B., and Thomas, D. B. 2013. Q methodology, 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Tricio, J., Montt, J., Orsini, C., Gracia, B., Pampin, F., Quinteros, C., Salas, M., et al. 2019. Student experiences of two small group learning‐teaching formats: Seminar and fishbowl. European Journal of Dental Education, 23(2), pp.151-158. Available here

Vlachopoulos and Makri The effect of games and simulations on higher education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2017) 14:22 DOI 10.1186/s41239-017-0062-1

Yusmanto, H., Soetjipto, B. E., & Djatmika, E. T. (2017). The Application of Carousel Feedback and Round Table Cooperative Learning Models to Improve Student’s Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Social Studies Learning Outcomes. International Education Studies, 10(10), 39-49. Available here

Experience-based Co-design

Bate, P. and Robert, G. (2007a). Bringing User Experience to Healthcare Improvement: The Concepts, Methods and Practices of Experience-based Design. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.

Bate, P. and Robert, G. (2007b). ‘Toward more user-centric OD lessons from the field of experience-based design and a case study’. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43: 41–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/00218863062970

Donetto, D., Pierri, P., Tsianakas, V., Robert, G. (2015) Experienced Based Co-Design and Healthcare Improvement: Realizing Participatory Design in the Public Sector. The Design Journal, 18(2), 227-248. (Full pdf provided here)

Locock L, Robert G, Boaz A, Vougioukalou S, Shuldham C, Fielden J, Ziebland S, Gager M, Tollyfield R, Pearcey J. Testing accelerated experience-based co-design: a qualitative study of using a national archive of patient experience narrative interviews to promote rapid patient-centred service improvement. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2014 Feb. Available here. 

Point of Care Foundation (no date). More About The Method. Available online at: More about the method – Point of Care Foundation. Available here.

Robert, G. (2013) Participatory action research: using experience-based co-design to improve the quality of healthcare services’, in Sue Ziebland and others (eds), Understanding and Using Health Experiences: Improving patient care (Oxford, 2013; online edn, Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665372.003.0014

 

Living labs

European Network of Living Labs (ENOLL, no date). European Network of Living Labs: About Us. Available here.

Fuglsang, L., Hansen, A.V., Mergel, I. et al (2019) Report on Cross-Country Comparison on Existing Innovation and Living Labs. Available here. 

Hossain, M., Leminen, S., Westerlund, M. (2019) A systematic review of Living Lab literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 976-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.257

Molitor, T., Clark, C., Wood, E., Wagner, U., Bausch, N., Holliday, N. (2020) Developing open technology solutions in a simulated living lab environment. In Proceedings of the Digital Living Lab Days 2020, September 2-4, 2020 [online] (Full pdf available here)

This section specifically focuses on examples of online co-creation processes.

Benson, T., Pedersen, S., Tsalis, G., Futtrup, R., Dean, M., & Aschemann-Witzel, J. (2021). Virtual co-creation: A guide to conducting online co-creation workshops. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 16094069211053097. Available here

Boone, A., Braeckman, L., Michels, N., Kindermans, H., Van Hoof, E., Van den Broeck, K., & Godderis, L. (2023). Accessibility, Retention and Interactivity of Online Co-Creation Workshops: A Qualitative Post-Hoc Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231180169 Available here

Jalonen, H., Kokkola, J., Laihonen, H., Kirjavainen, H., Kaartemo, V., & Vähämaa, M. (2021). Reaching hard-to-reach people through digital means–Citizens as initiators of co-creation in public services. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 34(7), 799-816. Available here

Kennedy A, Cosgrave C, Macdonald J, et al (2021) Translating Co-Design from Face-to-Face to Online: An Australian Primary Producer Project Conducted during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(8):4147. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084147

Lember, V., Brandsen, T. & Tõnurist, P. (2019) The potential impacts of digital technologies on co-production and co-creation, Public Management Review, 21:11, 1665-1686 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1619807

This section includes examples of analysis with visual data and artefacts, including photovoice and photo elicitation. It also includes a paper that discusses the interaction of using visual and textual data.

Mooney R., Bhui K., Co-Pact Project Team. Analysing multimodal data that have been collected using photovoice as a research method. BMJ Open 2023;13:e068289. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068289 Available here

Glaw, X., Inder, K., Kable, A., & Hazelton, M. (2017). Visual methodologies in qualitative research: Autophotography and photo elicitation applied to mental health research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), doi: 10.1177/160940691774821 Available here

Trombeta, G., & Cox, S. M. (2022). The Textual-Visual Thematic Analysis: A Framework to Analyze the Conjunction and Interaction of Visual and Textual Data. The Qualitative Report, 27(6), 1557-1574 doi: 10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5456 Available here 



Examples of co-creation

den Boer, J., Nieboer, A. P. and Cramm, J. M. 2017. “A cross-sectional study investigating patient-centred care, co-creation of care, well-being and job satisfaction among nurses”, Journal of Nursing Management, 25(7), pp. 577–584. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12496.

Dean, A. M., Griffin, M. and Kulczynski, A. 2016. “Applying Service Logic to Education: The Co-creation Experience and Value Outcomes”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 224, pp. 325–331. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.383

Pinar, M., Trapp, P., Girard, T. and Boyt, T. E. 2011. “Utilizing the brand ecosystem framework in designing branding strategies for higher education”, International Journal of Educational Management, 25(7), pp. 724–739. doi: 10.1108/09513541111172126.

Ribes-Giner, G., Perello-Marín, M. R. and Díaz, O. P. 2016. “Co-creation Impacts on Student Behavior”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228(June), pp. 72–77. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.011.

World Health Organization. 2013. Health 2020: a European policy framework supporting action across government and society for health and well-being. Copenhagen. doi: 978 92 890 0279 0.

These are references about evaluating co-creation

  • CASP Checklists – Critical Appraisal Skills Programme
  • Cornish, F., Gillespie, A., & Zittoun, T. (2013). Collaborative analysis of qualitative data. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 79-93). Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R.M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. The university of Rochester press, USA.
  • Deci, E. L.,& Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York : Plenum.
  • Design Kit by IDEO: A free resource for learning design thinking and co-creation methodologies. 
  • Erasmus+ CCW1 & 2 (definitions, framework, methods book, co-evaluation, further reading list, examples of co-creation in action) 
  • Guribye, E. & Iversen, L. (2020) Methods and Tools for Citizen Participation and Co-Creation. Arendal, Norway, Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), 40pp. [English version] https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/2313
  • Health Cascade publications (including methods, evaluation) – Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme https://healthcascade.eu/publications/
  • HoffmannT C, Glasziou P P, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide BMJ 2014; 348 :g1687 doi:10.1136/bmj.g1687
  • Holbrook, M.B. (2006), “Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personal introspection: an illustrative photographic essay”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 59 No. 6, pp. 714-725.
  • HopewellS, Chan A, Collins G S, Hróbjartsson A, Moher D, Schulz K F et al. CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials BMJ 2025; 389 :e081123 doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081123
  • Huria, T., Palmer, S.C., Pitama, S. et al.Consolidated criteria for strengthening reporting of health research involving indigenous peoples: the CONSIDER statement. BMC Med Res Methodol 19, 173 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0815-8
  • i2 connect project (H2020 project): tools for co-creation and analysing networks
  • iPRODUCE (H2020 project): This page provides a mapping and assessment of methodsand tools with a strong application in Design Thinking and co-creation/co-production projects and approaches. 
  • Leask, C.F., Sandlund, M., Skelton, D.A. et al. Framework, principles and recommendations for utilising participatory methodologies in the co-creation and evaluation of public health interventions. Res Involv Engagem 5, 2 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-018-0136-9 
  • Longworth, G. R., de Boer, J., Goh, K., Agnello, D. M., McCaffrey, L., Restrepo, J. R. Z., An, Q., Chastin, S., Davis, A., Altenburg, T., Verloigne, M., & Giné-Garriga, M. (2024). Navigating process evaluation in co-creation: a Health CASCADE scoping review of used frameworks and assessed components: BMJ Global Health 9:e014483.
  • Pearce, G. and Magee, P. (2024), “Co-creation solutions and the three Co’s framework for applying Co-creation”, Health Education, Vol. 124 No. 1/2, pp. 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-09-2022-0077 
  • Pearce, G. and Magee, P. (2024), “Co-creation solutions and the three Co’s framework for applying Co-creation”, Health Education, Vol. 124 No. 1/2, pp. 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-09-2022-0077 
  • Roberts, D., Hughes, M. and Kertbo, K. (2014), “Exploring consumers’ motivations to engage in innovation through co-creation activities”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 No. 1/2, pp. 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-12-2010-0637
  • Staniszewska S, Brett J, Simera I, Seers K, Mockford C, Goodlad S et al. GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research BMJ 2017; 358 :j3453 doi:10.1136/bmj.j3453

These are references specifically available in Denmark and in Danish

Liestmann, L., Mørk, M.. 2022. Er Samskabelse Et Luftkastel?, Lederliv, 2. Available here: https://www.lederliv.dk/artikel/er-samskabelse-et-luftkastel. 
Translation by the partners behind the Erasmus+ project Co-Creating Wellbeing available here (pdf download).

These are references specifically available in Italy and in Italian

Marianella Sclavi, “The art of listening and possible worlds. How to escape from the frames of which we are part”, Mondadori, Milan 2003.

Renata Borgato, “Un’arancia per due. Giochi d’aula ed esercitazioni per formare alla negoziazione”, Franco Angeli, Milano 2004 pag. 182.

Health Cascade team publications

Link to the list of publications

X-twitter Youtube

Copyright © 2023 - 2026

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the National Agency. Neither the European Union nor National Agency can be held responsible for them.

The materials have been developed with a Creative Commons 4 license.
This means that you are free to:
Share: copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt: remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms you must attribute CoCreating Wellbeing for the use of the materials:
Attribution: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.